Interaction between cognitive reserve and age moderates effect of lesion load on stroke outcome by Roza M. Umarova et al. in Nature's Scientific Reports. The concepts of brain reserve and cognitive reserve were recently suggested as valuable predictors of stroke outcome. To test this hypothesis, we used age, years of education and lesion size as clinically feasible coarse proxies of brain reserve, cognitive reserve, and the extent of stroke pathology correspondingly. Linear and logistic regression models were used to predict cognitive outcome (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and stroke-induced impairment and disability (NIH Stroke Scale; modifed Rankin Score) in a sample of 104 chronic stroke patients carefully controlled for potential confounds. Results revealed 46% of explained variance for cognitive outcome (p=0.001) and yielded a signifcant three-way interaction: Larger lesions did not lead to cognitive impairment in younger patients with higher education, but did so in younger patients with lower education. Conversely, even small lesions led to poor cognitive outcome in older patients with lower education, but didn’t in older patients with higher education. We observed comparable three-way interactions for clinical scores of stroke-induced impairment and disability both in the acute and chronic stroke phase. In line with the hypothesis, years of education conjointly with age moderated effects of lesion on stroke outcome. This non-additive effect of cognitive reserve suggests its post-stroke protective impact on stroke outcome. Paper link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-83927-1.pdf Paper presented by Merve Çebi Jingle by Paolo Moderated by Stephanie Forkel @StephForkel ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:01:43 - Paper: Cognitive and brain reserve and stroke lesion outcome 0:16:00 - Paper discussion

#astrocytes #MiceVR #hippocampus Glial place cells: complementary encoding of spatial information in hippocampal astrocytes Calcium dynamics into astrocytes influence the activity of nearby neuronal structures. However, because previous reports show that astrocytic calcium signals largely mirror neighboring neuronal activity, current information coding models neglect astrocytes. Using simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging of astrocytes and neurons in the hippocampus of mice navigating a virtual environment, we demonstrate that astrocytic calcium signals actively encode spatial information. Calcium events carrying spatial information occurred in topographically organized astrocytic subregions. Importantly, astrocytes encoded spatial information that was complementary and synergistic to that carried by neurons, improving spatial position decoding when astrocytic signals were considered alongside neuronal ones. These results suggest that the complementary place-dependence of localized astrocytic calcium signals regulates clusters of nearby synapses, enabling dynamic, context-dependent, variations in population coding within brain circuits. Paper link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.06.451296v1 Paper presented by Victor Nozais (@VNozai) Jingle by Paolo Moderated by Stephanie Forkel (@StephForkel) ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:01:43 - Paper: Glial place cells: complementary encoding of spatial information in hippocampal astrocytes 0:18:21 - Paper discussion

#microscopy #Super-resolution #labelling Advanced imaging and labelling methods to decipher brain cell organization and function The brain is arguably the most complex organ. The branched and extended morphology of nerve cells, their subcellular complexity, the multiplicity of brain cell types as well as their intricate connectivity and the scattering properties of brain tissue present formidable challenges to the understanding of brain function. Neuroscientists have often been at the forefront of technological and methodological developments to overcome these hurdles to visualize, quantify and modify cell and network properties. Over the last few decades, the development of advanced imaging methods has revolutionized our approach to explore the brain. Super-resolution microscopy and tissue imaging approaches have recently exploded. These instrumentation-based innovations have occurred in parallel with the development of new molecular approaches to label protein targets, to evolve new biosensors and to target them to appropriate cell types or subcellular compartments. We review the latest developments for labelling and functionalizing proteins with small localization and functionalized reporters. We present how these molecular tools are combined with the development of a wide variety of imaging methods that break either the diffraction barrier or the tissue penetration depth limits. We put these developments in perspective to emphasize how they will enable step changes in our understanding of the brain. Paper link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-021-00441-z Paper presented by Stephanie Forkel (@StephForkel) Jingle by Paolo Moderated by Stephanie Forkel (@StephForkel) ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:01:23 - Paper: Advanced imaging and labelling methods 0:06:00 - Paper discussion and beyond

#anatomy #histology #disoders #diffusion #MRI The Digital Brain Bank: an open-access platform for post-mortem datasets Paper link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.21.449154v1 Post-mortem MRI provides the opportunity to acquire high-resolution datasets to investigate neuroanatomy and validate the origins of image contrast through microscopy comparisons. We introduce the Digital Brain Bank (open.win.ox.ac.uk/DigitalBrainBank), an interactive data discovery and release platform providing open access to curated, multimodal post-mortem neuroimaging datasets. Datasets span three themes - Digital Neuroanatomist: data for neuroanatomical investigations; Digital Brain Zoo: data for comparative neuroanatomy; Digital Pathologist: data for neuropathology investigations. The first Digital Brain Bank release includes fourteen distinctive whole-brain diffusion MRI datasets for structural connectivity investigations, alongside microscopy and complementary MRI modalities. This includes one of the highest-resolution whole-brain human diffusion MRI datasets ever acquired, whole-brain diffusion MRI in seven non-human primate species, and one of the largest post-mortem whole-brain cohort imaging studies in neurodegeneration. Taken together, the Digital Brain Bank provides a cross-scale, cross-species investigation framework facilitating the incorporation of post-mortem data into neuroimaging studies. Paper presented by Michel Thiebaut de Schotten (@MichelTdS). Jingle by Paolo Moderated by Stephanie Forkel (@StephForkel) ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:01:23 - Paper: The Digital Brain Bank 0:12:33 - Paper discussion: The Digital Brain Bank

#APOE #Alzheimers #apolipoprotein A Quarter Century of APOE and Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress to Date and the Path Forward by Michaël E. Belloy, Valerio Napolioni & Michael D. Greicius Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.056 ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:00:38 - Paper: A Quarter Century of APOE and Alzheimer’s Disease 0:20:19 - Paper discussion: A Quarter Century of APOE and Alzheimer’s Disease

#uncoupling # genetics #transmodal GENETIC AND PHYLOGENETIC UNCOUPLING OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN HUMAN TRANSMODAL CORTEX by Sofie L. Valk et al., in BioRxiv Link: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.447522v1.full.pdf ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:00:38 - Paper: Genetic and phylogenetic uncoupling 0:17:15 - Paper discussion: Genetic and phylogenetic uncoupling

#stroke #networks #restingstate #MRI Damage to the shortest structural paths between brain regions is associated with disruptions of resting-state functional connectivity after stroke by Joseph C.Griffis, Nicholas Metcalf, Maurizio Corbetta (@MauCorbetta) & Gordon Shulman in @NeuroImage_EiC Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116589 Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomyseminars.com/neuroccino Jingles by: Paolo Lanfossi Presented by Victor Nozais (@VNozais) Moderated by Stephanie Forkel (@StephForkel) ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:00:30 - Paper: Resting-state functional connectivity after stroke 0:20:00 - Paper discussion: Resting-state functional connectivity after stroke

#Genome #phenotypes #UKBiobank Genome-wide association studies of brain imaging phenotypes in UK Biobank in @nature video by Lloyd T. Elliott, Kevin Sharp, Fidel Alfaro-Almagro, Sinan Shi, Karla L. Miller, Gwenaëlle Douaud, Jonathan Marchini & Stephen M. Smith Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0571-7 Where the genome meets the connectome: understanding how genes shape human brain connectivity by Aurina Arnatkeviciute, Ben Fulcher, Mark Bellgrove & Alex Fornito Link: https://psyarxiv.com/hqgz7/ Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomyseminars.com/neuroccino Jingles by: Paolo Lanfossi Presented by Lia Talozzi (@lia_talozzi) Moderated by Stephanie Forkel (@StephForkel) ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:01:22 - Paper: Genome-wide association studies of brain imaging phenotypes 0:11:44 - Paper discussion: Genome-wide association studies of brain imaging phenotypes

#BookReview #journalclub #monkey #cognition Historical paper: Mental life of two Macacus Rhesus monkeys in captivity. I. by Kinnaman (1902) The American Journal of Psychology, Paper Link: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1926-00233-001 Reference books: Fotoatlas Neuroanatomie by Valerius & Duncker: https://www.momox-shop.fr/valerius-klaus-p-fotoatlas-neuroanatomie-taschenbuch-M03865411622.html?variant=UsedAcceptable&gclid=Cj0KCQjwna2FBhDPARIsACAEc_WljQMJKI85VH7vKyygh2USoZvB3KVWaD2-u9uzkV1v4pZs0d6cGfEaAqOrEALw_wcB&gclid=Cj0KCQjwna2FBhDPARIsACAEc_WljQMJKI85VH7vKyygh2USoZvB3KVWaD2-u9uzkV1v4pZs0d6cGfEaAqOrEALw_wcB The Human Brain Coloring Book by Diamond, Scheibel, Elson: https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/The-Human-Brain-Coloring-Book-by-Marian-Cleeves-Diamond-Arnold-B-Scheibel-Lawrence-M-Elson/9780064603065 Atlas of Human Brian Connections by Catani & Thiebaut de Schotten: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/atlas-of-human-brain-connections-9780198729372?cc=fr&lang=en& Origins of Neuroscience by Finger: https://books.google.fr/books/about/Origins_of_Neuroscience.html?id=_GMeW9E1IB4C&redir_esc=y (None of the links are endorsed or associated with the CNSeminars and are merely here as pointers to find the books). Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomyseminars.com/neuroccino Jingles by: Paolo Lanfossi Moderated by Stephanie Forkel (@stephforkel) ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:00:55​​​ - Paper: Mental life of two Macacus Rhesus monkeys in captivity 0:14:24​​​ - Paper discussion: Mental life of two Macacus Rhesus monkeys 0:31:17 - Book overview 0:32:20 - Book overview: Fotoatlas Neuroanatomie 0:34:25 - Book overview: The Human Brain Coloring Book 0:35:58 - Book overview: Atlas of Human Brain Connections 0:40:13 - Book overview: Origins of Neuroscience 0:41:17 - #CNStalk promo

#BookReview #fibers #pathways #mind #dante Fiber Pathways of the Brain by Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya Book link: https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.001.0001/acprof-9780195104233 Historical paper: Dante on mind and brain by Luciano Mecacci in @CORTEXjournal Paper Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2021.02.016 Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomyseminars.com/neuroccino Jingles by: Paolo Lanfossi Moderated by Valentina Pacella (@valepacella) ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:00:55​​​ - Book review: Fiber Pathways of the Brain 0:20:58​​​ - Book discussion: Fiber Pathways of the Brain 0:29:47 - Paper: Dante on mind and brain 0:40:36 - Paper discussion: Dante on mind and brain

Paper 1: Brain size and neuron numbers drive differences in yawn duration across mammals and birds by Massen et al. & Andrew C. Gallup (@acgallup) in Nature Communications Biology (@CommsBio). Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02019-y.pdf Paper 2: The evolution of mammalian brain size Smaers @dechmannlab @safilabmpi @stonybrooku et al. in Science Advances (@ScienceAdvances) Link: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/18/eabe2101/tab-pdf Cover for Neuroccino today taken from Paper 2 and @lazaroillustrat showing a phylogenetic wheel describing the evolution of mammalian brain size. Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomyseminars.com/neuroccino #yawn​​ #evolution​​ #comparative #brainsize​​ ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​​ - Intro 0:0​0:30​​​ - Paper 1: Brain size and neuron numbers drive differences in yawn duration across mammals and birds 0:14:47 - Paper 1: Discussion 0:27:03​​​ - Paper 2: The evolution of mammalian brain size 0:44:26 - Paper 2: Discussion 0:47:41 - Wrap-up

Paper 1: Varying demands for cognitive control reveals shared neural processes supporting semantic and episodic memory retrieval by Deniz Vatansever, Jonathan Smallwood & Elizabeth Jefferies in Nature Communications. Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22443-2 ​ Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomyseminars.com/neuroccino #semantic​ #episodic​ #memory​ ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​​ - Intro 0:0​0:51​​ - Paper 1: Shared neural processes supporting semantic and episodic memory retrieval 0:1​8:59​​ - Paper 1: Discussion

Paper 1: Where the genome meets the connectome: understanding how genes shape human brain connectivity by Aurina Arnatkeviciute, Ben Fulcher, Mark Bellgrove & Alex Fornito Link: https://psyarxiv.com/hqgz7/ Also check out this tool that we discussed during the session: Valerio Rubino shared his Matlab script if you want to play a bit with gene expression data. Link: https://github.com/vrubino/Genes_expression #Bookreview: How the brain makes decisions by Thomas Boraud. What if our ability to make decisions was more a matter of chance than a rational process? It has long been recognized that the mind decides, the body obeys. However, as the author of this book argues, in reality, it might just be the opposite. The decision-making process is produced by cerebral matter. It is a random phenomenon that results from competing processes within a network whose architecture has changed little since the first vertebrates. This book presents a bottom-up approach to understanding decision making, starting from the fundamental question: what are the basic properties that a neural network of decision making needs to possess? Combining data drawn from phylogeny and physiology, the book provides a general framework for the neurobiology of decision-making in vertebrates, and explains how it evolved from the lamprey to the apes. It also looks at the consequences of such a framework: how it impacts our capacity for reasoning and considers some aspects of the pathophysiology of higher brain functions. It ends with an open discussion of more philosophical concepts such as the nature of Free-will. Written in a lively and accessible style, the book presents an exciting perspective on understanding decision making. Link: https://www.amazon.fr/Brain-Makes-Decisions-Thomas-Boraud/dp/019882436X Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomyseminars.com/neuroccino #decisionmaking #connectome #genome ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​​ - Intro 0:0​0:51​ - Paper 1: Where the genome meets the connectome 0:1​6:15​ - Paper 1: Discussion 0:26:15​ - Bookreview: How the brain makes decisions - Thomas Boraud 0:37:35​ - Bookreview: Discussion

Paper 1: Send in the senolytics. Despite early failures in the clinic, the idea of anti-ageing therapies that purge the body of dying cells is gaining traction with a raft of startups now focused on senescence. by Elie Dolgin in @NatureBiotechnology Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-020-00750-1 Paper 2: Is the standard model broken? Physicists cheer major muon result. The muon’s magnetic moment is larger than expected — a hint that new elementary particles are waiting to be discovered by Davide Castelvecchi in @Nature Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00898-z You can also find an intro101 to the Muons here (external content): https://youtu.be/kBzn4o4z5Bk Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomysemin...​ #senolytics​ #antiaging​​ #Muon​​ ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​​ - Intro 0:0​1:00 - Paper 1: Send in the senolytics - Anti-aging 0:1​1:33 - Paper 1: Discussion 0:23:18 - Paper 2: Physicists cheer major muon result 0:30:59 - Paper 2: Discussion

Paper 1: Non-linearity matters: a deep learning solution to generalization of hidden brain patterns across population cohorts by Mariam Zabihi, Seyed Mostafa Kia, Thomas Wolfers, Richard Dinga, Alberto Llera, Danilo Bzdok, Christian F. Beckmann & Andre Marquand in @bioRxiv: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.10.434856v2 Paper 2: When the brain, but not the person, remembers: Cortical reinstatement is modulated by retrieval goal in developmental amnesia by Rachael L.Elward, Michael D.Rugg & FaranehVargha-Khadem in @Neuropsychologia: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393221000397 You can also find Prof Vargha-Khadem's talk on 'Growing up without episodic memory' on our channel: https://youtu.be/JpKP3AhiPXA Here are also some literature pointers on the occipito-temporal white matter networks: Bugain et al., 2021, Nature's Communications Biology: Occipital Intralobar fasciculi: a description, through tractography, of three forgotten tracts, Beyh et al., 2017, OHBM abstract: The Sledge Runner: A White Matter Pathway for Spatial Navigation, https://archive.aievolution.com/2017/hbm1701/index.cfm?do=abs.viewAbs&abs=2023 Forkel et al., 2015, Cortex: The white matter of the human cerebrum: part I The occipital lobe by Heinrich Sachs, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010945214003700?via%3Dihub Vergani et al., 2014, Cortex: Intralobar fibres of the occipital lobe: A post mortem dissection study, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001094521400077X?via%3Dihub Catani et al., 2003, Brain: Occipito-temporal connections in the human brain, https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/126/9/2093/367492 Want to join us Monday morning at 9:30am Paris time? Here is how to: https://www.clinicalneuroanatomyseminars.com/neuroccino #umap #amnesia​ #development #deeplearning #paperreview​ ------- CHAPTERS ------- 0:00​ - Intro 0:00:36​ - Paper 1: Non-linearity matters 0:8:31​ - Paper 1: Discussion 0:20:09​ - Paper 2: When the brain, but not the person, remembers 0:33:14​ - Paper 2: Discussion